FORMACIÓN DEL "PRESENT PERFECT"
El "present perfect" de cualquier verbo está compuesto por dos elementos: la forma apropiada del verbo auxiliar to have (en presente) y el "past participle" del verbo principal. La forma del "past participle" de un verbo regular es raíz+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. En cuanto a los verbos irregulares, consulta la Tabla de verbos irregulares en este foro.
El "present perfect" se emplea para señalar un vínculo entre el presente y el pasado. El tiempo en que transcurre la acción es anterior al presente pero inespecífico y, a menudo, recae un mayor interés sobre el resultado que sobre la propia acción.
EVER Los adverbios "ever" y "never" se
refieren a un tiempo no identificado, anterior al presente (Have
you ever visited Berlin?). "Ever" y "never" siempre
se colocan antes del verbo principal (en "past participle").
"Ever" se utiliza:
EN PREGUNTAS
EJEMPLOS
Have you ever been to England?
Has she ever met the Prime Minister?
Has she ever met the Prime Minister?
EN PREGUNTAS NEGATIVAS
EJEMPLOS
Haven't they ever been to Europe?
Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?
Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?
EN ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON "NOTHING+EVER" O
"NOBODY+EVER"
EJEMPLOS
Nobody has ever said that to me before.
Nothing like this has ever happened to us.
Nothing like this has ever happened to us.
CON "THE FIRST TIME"
EJEMPLOS
It's the first time that I've ever eaten snails.
This is the first time I've ever been to England.
This is the first time I've ever been to England.
"Never" significa nunca antes de ahora y
equivale a "not (...) ever": (I have never visited
Berlin)
¡CUIDADO!: "Never" y "not" no
deben usarse juntos.
I have never been to Italy.
"Already"
se refiere a una acción que ha ocurrido en un tiempo anterior al presente pero
no especificado. Sugiere que no es necesario repetir la acción.
EJEMPLOS
I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (= ¡y me
estás ofreciendo otro!)
Don't write to John, I've already done it.
Don't write to John, I've already done it.
También se utiliza para preguntar:
Have you already written to John?
Has she finished her homework already?
Has she finished her homework already?
"Already"
puede colocarse antes del verbo principal (en "past participle") o al
final de la frase:
I have already been to Tokyo.
I have been to Tokyo already.
I have been to Tokyo already.
"Yet" se
utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, con el significado de (no)
en el periodo temporal entre el pasado y el ahora, (no) hasta el momento
presente, incluido éste. Suele colocarse al final de la frase.
EJEMPLOS
Have you met Judy yet?
I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet
Has he arrived yet?
They haven't eaten yet
I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet
Has he arrived yet?
They haven't eaten yet
Empleando el "present perfect" podemos definir un periodo de
tiempo anterior al momento presente, considerando bien su duración, caso
en el que utilizamos "for" + periodo temporal,,
o bien su inicio o punto de partida, caso en el que utilizamos "since"
+ momento concreto. "For" y "since" pueden
asimismo emplearse con el "past perfect". "Since" admite
únicamente tiempos verbales perfectos. "For" puede también emplearse
con el "simple past".
"FOR" + PERIODO DE TIEMPO
for six
years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two
hours
I have worked here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
"SINCE" + MOMENTO CONCRETO
since this
morning, since last week, since yesterday
since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock
I have worked here since 1990.
since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock
I have worked here since 1990.
"PRESENT PERFECT" CON
"FOR"
She
has lived here for twenty years.
We have taught at this school for a long time.
Alice has been married forthree months.
They have been at the hotel for a week.
We have taught at this school for a long time.
Alice has been married forthree months.
They have been at the hotel for a week.
"PRESENT PERFECT" CON
"SINCE"
She
has lived here since 1980.
We have taught at this school since 1965.
Alice has been married since March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.
We have taught at this school since 1965.
Alice has been married since March 2nd.
They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.
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